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Heinrich von Coudenhove-Kalergi
Heinrich Johann Maria von Coudenhove-Kalergi (October 12, 1859 – May 14, 1906), also known as Heinrich Coudenhove-Kalergi and until 1903 Graf von Coudenhove, was an Austrian traveller and diplomat of the Coudenhove-Kalergi family. He was born in Vienna and died in Ronsberg, Western Bohemia (today Poběžovice in the Czech Republic). He spoke 18 languages (including Turkish, Arabic, Hebrew and Japanese) and his postings included ones to Athens, Rio de Janeiro, Constantinople and Buenos Aires.
He was then made Deputy Minister of Austria-Hungary to Japan where he remained for 4 years, studying Buddhism and marrying a young Japanese woman from a Samurai-turned-merchant family, Mitsuko Aoyama. They had 7 children including Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi, best known for his role in establishing the Pan-European movement.
== Views on race and religion ==
In his youth, Heinrich Coudenhove-Kalergi had been an antisemite. He had expected to confirm his antipathy towards the Jews when he started work on his treatise ''Das Wesen des Antisemitismus'' (The Essence of Antisemitism). But he came to a different conclusion by the time he published his book in 1901. Following an ironic critique of the new racial theories, he declared that the essence of antisemitism amounted to nothing more credible than fanatical religious hatred. He traced that fanaticism to religious bigotry that originated in the promulgation of Torah under Ezra. According to Coudenhove-Kalergi, Jewish religious bigotry provoked opposition from the relatively tolerant Greco-Roman polytheists, eliciting their anti-Judaic reaction. Antisemitism came into existence when Christianity and Islam took over the intolerant fanaticism of Judaism, and turned it against the Jews. Thus, Heinrich Coudenhove-Kalergi credited the Jews with originating religious intolerance, and condemned it as a violation of genuine religious principles. He branded every sort of anti-Judaism unchristian. He further urged liberal Christians and Jews to ally in protecting both of their religions, and religion as such, against the emerging menace of secularism.〔See Gavin I. Langmuir, ''History, Religion, and Antisemitism'', pp. 22–24; William M. Johnston, ''op. cit.'', pp. 320–321.〕
In spite of his opposition to simplistic racial theory, Coudenhove-Kalergi agreed that Jews are racially distinct. Although he pointed out that there is no Semitic race, because Semitic is a language family, he equivocated by also remarking that the charges that Semites were uncreative were belied by civilizations formed by the Assyrians and Babylonians, who spoke Semitic languages. He further sought to defend the Jews against bigoted charges of parasitic greed and cowardice with anecdotal counterexamples of Jewish industriousness and martial courage.〔See Ritchie Robertson, ''The "Jewish Question" in German Literature, 1749–1939: Emancipation and Its Discontents'', Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 198–199.〕
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